DENDROCRONOLOGÍA DEL CASTAÑO DE BRASIL (Bertholletia excelsa bonpl.) EN LA AMAZONÍA: MEMORIA DEL AGUA Y VULNERABILIDAD DEL CRECIMIENTO RADIAL AL DÉFICIT DE PRECIPITACIÓN.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56238/revgeov17n4-192Palabras clave:
Dendrocronología, Selva Amazónica, Anillos de Crecimiento, EPS, Variabilidad Climática, Respuesta a la SequíaResumen
Comprender la dinámica de crecimiento y la sensibilidad climática de Bertholletia excelsa (castaño de Brasil) es esencial para evaluar la resiliencia de los bosques tropicales y la variabilidad hidroclimática reciente en la Amazonía. A pesar de su importancia ecológica y socioeconómica, la dendrocronología de la especie aún es limitada, especialmente en relación con los mecanismos que conectan forzamientos climáticos a gran escala con respuestas locales de crecimiento. En este estudio se desarrollaron y evaluaron cronologías de anillos de crecimiento de árboles adultos de B. excelsa en bosques nativos amazónicos para analizar la coherencia del crecimiento y las señales climáticas. Las anchuras de los anillos fueron sincronizadas con COFECHA y se calcularon estadísticas como rbar.eff, EPS, SNR y AC con el paquete dplR en R. La cronología mostró una fuerte coherencia interna (rbar.eff = 0,38–0,46) y una señal común robusta (EPS > 0,85; SNR > 5,0), confirmando su fiabilidad y representatividad poblacional. La autocorrelación moderada indicó persistencia fisiológica asociada a la memoria hidrológica. El crecimiento radial estuvo fuertemente controlado por la precipitación, mientras que la temperatura actuó principalmente como factor de estrés. Las respuestas de crecimiento fueron más sensibles durante la transición de la estación seca a la lluviosa, durante la reactivación cambial y la formación de la madera temprana. Forzamientos climáticos como ENSO y la variabilidad del Atlántico Tropical influyeron indirectamente al modular la precipitación y la severidad de la sequía, generando respuestas retardadas tras eventos de sequía. Estos resultados muestran que B. excelsa integra información climática a lo largo del ciclo hidrológico y funciona como bioindicador de la variabilidad climática reciente, ayudando a comprender la vulnerabilidad y resiliencia de los bosques frente al cambio climático.
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