WAITING TIMES FOR SPECIALIZED CONSULTATIONS IN BRAZIL’S UNIFIED HEALTH SYSTEM: STRUCTURAL CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ACCESS TO CARE

Abstract

Considering the persistent challenges related to access to specialized care within Brazil’s Unified Health System, particularly in the context of increasing healthcare demand and organizational constraints, this study addresses waiting time as a factor capable of compromising continuity of care and intensifying health inequalities. It aims to analyze the structural and organizational elements that influence waiting times for specialized consultations and procedures, as well as to understand their implications for the efficiency of the public health system. To this end, a narrative literature review was conducted using national and international scientific databases, selecting recent publications addressing healthcare access, regulatory processes, network organization, and management strategies. Thus, it is observed that insufficient integration among levels of care, combined with limitations in service capacity and care coordination, contributes to the formation of waiting lists and the expansion of access barriers. Conversely, organizational and technological initiatives were identified as capable of improving care flows and promoting more rational use of health services. It is concluded that addressing this scenario requires strengthening Primary Health Care, improving regulatory mechanisms, and investing in management models that enhance network integration, thereby supporting more timely, equitable, and effective care.