DIAGNOSIS OF PEDIATRIC ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL)

Abstract

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is the most common neoplasm in childhood, accounting for approximately 25% of all pediatric cancer diagnoses (Kulczycka et al., 2024). Given this high incidence, this study aims to conduct a narrative literature review on the diagnosis of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in pediatric patients, focusing on molecular methods and risk stratification. The review was conducted using the PubMed database, including only English-language articles published in the last five years, focusing on pediatric patients. The analysis of the results indicates that the diagnosis of ALL, in order to contribute to precision medicine, should continue throughout treatment through the dynamic assessment of tumor burden (Kulczycka et al., 2024). The differentiation of B-ALL and T-ALL lineages by immunophenotyping and the distinction of their subtypes is essential (Summers et al., 2021). In infants, for example, the use of sequencing techniques such as NGS and FISH has proven effective in more resistant biologies, and the use of toxicity de-escalation biomarkers in children with standard-risk B-ALL has also been shown to be effective (Kulczycka et al., 2024; Gupta et al., 2025). Considering precision medicine, the diagnosis of pediatric ALL, and its subsequent management, is based on the cytometric, genetic, and proteomic integration – an integration that depends on adequate laboratory infrastructure (Teachey et al., 2024; Bhatla et al., 2024).