CARBON FARMING: POTENCIAL DE MITIGACIÓN DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO EN LOS SUELOS AGRÍCOLAS BRASILEÑOS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56238/revgeov16n5-168Palabras clave:
Agricultura Baja en Carbono, Secuestro de Carbono, Gases de Efecto InvernaderoResumen
El cambio climático, uno de los mayores retos socioambientales contemporáneos, supone un riesgo para la seguridad alimentaria y la resiliencia de los agroecosistemas tropicales. En este contexto, el conjunto de prácticas de gestión del suelo denominado «agricultura de carbono» representa una estrategia inteligente para maximizar la captura de carbono y reducir las emisiones netas de gases de efecto invernadero procedentes de las actividades agrícolas. Este estudio evaluó la eficacia de estas prácticas en Brasil mediante una revisión bibliográfica sistemática (RBS), basada en el protocolo PRISMA. Se analizaron 56 artículos publicados entre 2015 y 2025, extraídos de las bases SciELO, Web of Science, Scopus y Google Scholar. Los trabajos se organizaron en ejes temáticos, destacando según la frecuencia de publicaciones: sistema de siembra directa y rotación de cultivos (25 %), integración de cultivos, ganadería y bosques (18 %), recuperación de pastizales (16 %) y sistemas agroforestales/silvipastoriles (14 %). Los resultados indicaron ganancias consistentes: el SPD aumentó las reservas hasta en 1,5 Mg C ha⁻¹ año⁻¹; los cultivos de cobertura redujeron la fertilización nitrogenada hasta en un 30 %; el manejo hídrico en el arroz de regadío mitigó hasta el 96 % de las emisiones de CH₄; la fertirrigación en la caña de azúcar redujo en un 50 % el N₂O; la recuperación de pastizales y los sistemas silvopastoriles añadieron hasta 1,2 Mg C ha⁻¹ año⁻¹; el ILPF aumentó hasta 2,8 Mg C ha⁻¹ año⁻¹; y los SAF/SPS alcanzaron hasta 7 Mg C ha⁻¹ año⁻¹. Se concluye que el cultivo de carbono constituye una cartera de prácticas eficaces y complementarias, pero su expansión a gran escala depende de la superación de barreras técnicas y económicas, además del fortalecimiento de las políticas públicas.
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