A POLÍTICA COMERCIAL EXTERNA DOS EUA E O MULTILATERALISMO: ENTRE REFORMA NA OMC, TARIFAS RECÍPROCAS E ARRANJOS À LUZ DAS TEORIAS DAS RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56238/revgeov16n5-317Palavras-chave:
Multilateralismo Seletivo, Organização Mundial do Comércio, Exceção de Segurança, Política Comercial dos Estados Unidos, Comércio InternacionalResumo
O artigo examina a reconfiguração da política socioeconômica externa dos Estados Unidos e seus impactos sobre a governança do comércio internacional, tomando como estudo de caso o litígio comercial Brasil-Estados Unidos de 2025. Argumenta-se que a estratégia norte-americana contemporânea configura um padrão de multilateralismo seletivo, marcado pelo engajamento funcional em determinadas agendas multilaterais, pela contestação de elementos institucionais centrais da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC), especialmente a função recursal do sistema de solução de controvérsias, e pela expansão de arranjos plurilaterais regulatórios. A análise mobiliza os referenciais do realismo, do idealismo wilsoniano e do neoliberal-institucionalismo para interpretar o uso de tarifas como instrumento de poder, a função das regras multilaterais e o papel dos regimes internacionais na redução da incerteza.
Downloads
Referências
BACCHUS, James. What Happens If the United States Leaves the WTO? Policy Analysis n. 996. Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 3 jun. 2025. Disponível em: https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/what-happens-united-states-leaves-wto. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.
CFR – COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS. MANAK, Inu. Unpacking the IPEF: Biden’s Indo-Pacific Trade Play. Nova York, 8 nov. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.cfr.org/article/unpacking-ipef-bidens-indo-pacific-trade-play. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.
CRS – CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE. CIMINO-ISAACS, Cathleen D.; DAVIS, Christopher M.; HAMMOND, Keigh E. Congressional Review of U.S. Membership in the WTO (IF12997). Washington, DC, 12 maio 2025. Disponível em: https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF12997. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.
CRS – CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE. HAMMOND, Keigh E. Congressional Votes on Free Trade Agreements and Trade Promotion Authority (R45846). Washington, DC, 16 abr. 2025. Disponível em: https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45846. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.
CRS – CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE. ROSCH, Stephanie; TSUI, Benjamin. Retaliatory Tariffs on U.S. Agriculture and USDA’s Responses: FAQs (R48548). Washington, DC, 27 maio 2025. Disponível em: https://crsreports.congress.gov. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.
CRS – CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE. CIMINO-ISAACS, Cathleen D. World Trade Organization (IF10002). Washington, DC, 30 jul. 2025. Disponível em: https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF10002. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.
HOBBES, Thomas. Leviatã. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2003.
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. Agreement between the IMF and the WTO (1996). Washington, D.C.: IMF, 1996. Disponível em: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/history/2012/pdf/3b.pdf. Acesso em: 17 set. 2025.
KEOHANE, Robert O. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.
ODNI – OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE. 2025 Annual Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community. Washington, DC, 18 mar. 2025. Disponível em: https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/ATA-2025-Unclassified-Report.pdf. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.
REUTERS. WTO slashes 2025 trade growth forecast, warns of deeper slump. Genebra, 16 abr. 2025. Disponível em: https://www.reuters.com/markets/wto-slashes-2025-trade-growth-forecast-warns-deeper-slump-2025-04-16/. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.
REUTERS. Deal to curb billions in overfishing subsidies comes into force at WTO. Genebra, 15 set. 2025. Disponível em: https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/deal-curb-billions-overfishing-subsidies-comes-into-force-wto-2025-09-15/. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.
THE WHITE HOUSE. Fact Sheet: Reciprocal Tariffs and Economic Security (release). Washington, DC, 5 set. 2025. Disponível em: https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.
THE WHITE HOUSE. Further Modifying the Reciprocal Tariff Rates (Executive Order). Washington, DC, 31 jul. 2025. Disponível em: https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/07/further-modifying-the-reciprocal-tariff-rates/. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.
THE WHITE HOUSE. Implementing the United States–Japan Agreement (Presidential Action). Washington, DC, 4 set. 2025. Disponível em: https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/09/implementing-the-united-states-japan-agreement/. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.
THE WHITE HOUSE. Modifying the Scope of Reciprocal Tariffs and Establishing Procedures for Implementing Trade and Security Agreements (Executive Order). Washington, DC, 5 set. 2025. Disponível em: https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/09/modifying-the-scope-of-reciprocal-tariffs-and-establishing-procedures-for-implementing-trade-and-security-agreements/. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.
TRUMP, Donald J.; SCHWARTZ, Tony. Trump: The Art of the Deal. Nova York: Random House, 1987. Dados editoriais em catálogo público e registro ISBN.
USTR – UNITED STATES TRADE REPRESENTATIVE. 2025 Trade Policy Agenda & 2024 Annual Report. Washington, DC, 28 fev. 2025. Disponível em: https://ustr.gov/. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.
USTR – UNITED STATES TRADE REPRESENTATIVE. Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) – Trade Pillar. Washington, DC, 2025. Disponível em: https://ustr.gov/. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.
USTR – UNITED STATES TRADE REPRESENTATIVE. President Trump’s 2025 Trade Policy Agenda. Washington, DC, 3 mar. 2025. Disponível em: https://ustr.gov/. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.
USTR – UNITED STATES TRADE REPRESENTATIVE. Statements by the United States at the Meeting of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body – 25 April 2025. Washington, DC, 25 abr. 2025. Disponível em: https://ustr.gov/. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.
VARELLA, Marcelo D. Direito internacional público. São Paulo: Saraiva Educação, 2016.
WALTZ, Kenneth N. Theory of. International Politics, v. 1, 1979.
WILSON, Woodrow. Address to the Senate of the United States: “A World League for Peace”. Washington, D.C., 22 jan. 1917. Disponível em: ver link na citação. Acesso em: 11 out. 2025.
WOLFF, Alan Wm. Is US tariff policy reshaping the world trading system? Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE), 23 jul. 2025. Disponível em: https://www.piie.com/. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.
WOLFF, Alan Wm. The WTO at 30: The return of higher tariffs. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE), 10 abr. 2025. Disponível em: https://www.piie.com/. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.
WORLD BANK. Trade overview. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2025. Disponível em: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/trade/overview. Acesso em: 17 set. 2025.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies enters into force (news item; factsheet; acceptances). Genebra, 15 set. 2025. Disponível em: https://www.wto.org/. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. Frontloading, measured responses cushion tariff impact in 2025 but risk high for 2026. Genebra, 8 ago. 2025. Disponível em: https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news25_e/tfore_08aug25_e.htm. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. Global Trade Outlook and Statistics – April 2025. Genebra, 16 abr. 2025. Disponível em: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/trade_outlook25_e.htm. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. MC13 – WTO reform (briefing note/outcomes). Genebra, 2024. Disponível em: https://www.wto.org/. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. United States – Tariff measures on goods from Brazil: request for consultations by Brazil. WT/DS640/1; G/L/1579. Geneva: WTO, 11 Aug. 2025. Disponível em: https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=Q:/G/L/1579.pdf&Open=True. Acesso em: 17 set. 2025.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. United States – Tariff measures on goods from Brazil: communication from the United States. WT/DS640/2. Geneva: WTO, 18 Aug. 2025. Disponível em: https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=Q:/WT/DS/640-2.pdf&Open=True. Acesso em: 17 set. 2025.
